Enhancing Automatic Chinese Essay Scoring System from Figures-of-Speech

PACLIC 20 / Wuhan, China / 1-3 November, 200

Eco city development in China: addressing the policy implementation challenge

Over the last few decades, China has seen a steep rise in diverse eco city and low carbon city policies. Recently, attention has begun to focus on the perceived shortcomings in the practical delivery of related initiatives, with several publications suggesting a gap between ambitious policy goals and the emerging realities of the newly built environment. To probe this further, in this article we examine – based on the policy network approach – how the gap between high-level national policies and local practice implementation can be explained in the current Chinese context. We develop a four-pronged typology of eco city projects based on differential involvement of key (policy) actor groups, followed by a mapping of what are salient policy network relations among these actors in each type. Our analysis suggests that, within the overall framework of national policy, a core axis in the network relations is that between local government and land developers. In some cases, central government agencies– often with buy-in from international architecture, engineering and consulting firms – seek to influence local government planning through various incentives aimed at rendering sustainability a serious consideration. However, this is mostly done in a top-down manner, which overemphasizes a rational, technocratic planning mode while underemphasizing interrelationships among actors. This makes the emergence of a substantial implementation gap in eco city practice an almost predictable outcome. Consequently, we argue that special attention be paid in particular to the close interdependency between the interests of local government actors and those of land and real estate developers. Factoring in this aspect of the policy network is essential if eco city implementation is to gain proper traction on the ground

Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.publishedVersio

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.publishedVersio

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030

The Co-Opetition Strategy of the Unix Server Vendors in Taiwan ：An Analysis by Game Theory

伺服器市場在全球的總產值在2006年已經達到523億美元，其中Unix伺服器佔了172億美元(約占了32.9%伺服器市場總額)，幾乎大部份中、大型企業在運行資訊中心時所倚賴的運作核心都採用這種伺服器。在這個市場領域中僅由四家IBM(市佔率為32.8%)、Sun(市佔率為30.3%)、HP(市佔率為27.5%)及Fujitsu(市佔率為4.6%)具代表性的廠商扮演主要的生產及銷售的角色。在這個寡占競爭的市場中經過了近二十年的發展歷史，從作業系統的發展、微處理器的設計研發生產製造、再到整體的主要的零組件幾乎都是處在封閉的環境中運作。這個產業的不透明性也隨之增高。 基於全球Unix伺服器廠商間的競合策略下，台灣Unix伺服器市場各廠商之間的競合策略有何變動，有甚麼重要的因素會影響廠商間的競合策略，本研究藉由多輪出價談判賽局的不合作賽局為基礎，從納許談判解合作賽局的架構中找出Sun及Fujitsu在台灣Unix伺服器市場合作的均衡解，但由於雙方長期競爭的情況下，在實際的談判過程中，雙方對互相所有的威脅點的認知未必相同，因而造成威脅點的不確定性，本研究也以可變威脅的談判賽局來分析雙方要如何操作談判協議中的最佳選擇以符合雙方利益。並依據謝林的「邊緣運用策略」，「可信的承諾」，「有效的嚇阻」等方式提出雙方談判策略的建議。 待雙方達成協議後，在台灣的Unix伺服器市場就形成三強鼎立的局面，本研究再以完美訊息擴展型式賽局中，輪流出招來分析三者之間的競合關係。並再比較同時出招與輪流出招的異同後，提出三方的最佳競合策略。但不論從三方輪流出招或是同時出招的賽局都必須考量： (1). 比較弱的兩方(Solaris及HP)的優勢策略是都要向IBM出招以求得最大的市場利益； (2). 隔山觀虎鬥的策略是不太適合三方對峙的賽局。Solaris陣營可能無法袖手旁觀，任由IBM及HP互相競爭，而不參與其中。 本研究希望透過賽局理論的架構及推論的方法，為產業界以科學的方法帶來新的思維及策略性思考，也期望本研究能幫助產業界從零合賽局的競爭到非零合賽局的合作以爭取更大的超額報酬(extra pay-off)。The server market has already reached USD 52.3B in 2006 in the total production value of world, among them, the Unix server had USD 17.2B(occupied 32.9% server market a total amount around), almost and most in, large and mid-range enterprise while circulating information center rely on operation cores all adopt this kind of server. It is only played main production and the role of sale by four vendors, IBM(occupied the market share is around 32.8%), Sun(occupied the market share is around 30.3%), HP(occupied the market share is around 27.5%) and the Fujitsu(occupied the market share is around 4.6%). These representative manufacturers are acting main production and the sales role in this market. Widowed occupied the competition in this in the market to pass through the near 20 year development history, from the operating system development, the microprocessor design research and development production manufacture to the main component and parts, nearly all was again occupies in the closing environment e. It is result in this industrial opacity also advances along with it. Competes based on the global Unix server vendor between gathers under the Co-Opetition strategy. Between the Taiwan Unix server market various vendors competes gathers the Co-Opetition strategy to have what change, what important factor has to be able to affect between the vendor to compete gathers the Co-Opetition strategy. This research based on alternating-offers game which the game belong to non-cooperative game to build the analyze structure. And through the architect of Nash-Bargaining Solutions Cooperative Game to find out the Nash-Equilibrium of the cooperative game of Sun and Fujitsu in Taiwan Unix Server market. But because in the bilateral long-term competition situation, in the actual negotiations process, both sides not necessarily are mutually same to all threat cognition, thus creates a threat uncertainty. This research based on the variable-threat bargaining game to analyze both sides how to make a best alternative from the strategic move to reach the bilateral benefit. And according to Thomas Schelling “Brinkmanship”, “the credible commitment”, “the credible deterrence” to propose the suggestions of the bargaining strategy for both sides negotiation. If after both sides (Sun and Fujitsu) reach the agreement, forms the aspect in Taiwan's Unix server market which three stands like a three way dual. This research by the Extensive Games with Perfect Information and sequential game to analyze again three between to compete gathers the relations. Again and compares at the same time the move after to leave move of similarities and differences in turn, proposed tripartite competes best gathers the strategy. But no matter flows out from three way sequential game or simultaneously leaves the move game all to have to consider: (1). The superiority strategy is both two parties (Solaris and HP) is all must leave the move to IBM to obtain the biggest market benefit; (2). The strategy which separates the mountain view tiger is not suiting the three way dual games. The Solaris group is possibly unable to stand by, leaves free IBM and HP mutual competition among, but does not participation. This research hope through the structure of game theory and the inference method, bring new breakthrough and strategic thinking by science for the industry field. Also expect this research can help industry field from zero-sum games competition to non-zero-sum games competition to fight for the extra pay-off.誌 謝 iv 中文摘要 vi 英文摘要 viii 目 錄 x 圖目錄 xiii 表目錄 xv 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究的背景 1 1.2 研究的動機與目的 2 1.3 研究的範圍與限制 4 1.4 研究的流程及架構 6 1.5 研究的方法 7 1.6 小結 8 第二章 文獻探討 9 2.1 賽局理論的發展 9 2.2 賽局的型態 12 2.3 賽局理論的應用 13 2.4 小結 24 第三章 全球Unix伺服器的產業分析 25 3.1 產業的定義 26 3.2 產業的發展 30 3.3 產業的特性 34 3.4 Unix伺服器對客戶的重要性 41 3.5 小結 45 第四章 台灣Unix伺服器的產業分析 47 4.1台灣Unix伺服器產業概述 47 4.2 台灣Unix伺服器產業的價值網(Value Net)分析 52 4.3 與全球Unix伺服器產業的連動性 62 4.4 小結 65 第五章 台灣Sun與Fujitsu的談判解分析 66 5.1 Sun與Fujitsu合作的背景 66 5.2 雙方的競爭優勢分析 68 5.3 Sun 及 Fujitsu的不合作賽局— 以多輪談判賽局分析 70 5.4 Sun 與 Fujitsu的合作賽局 – 以納許談判解分析 80 5.5 雙方如何應用賽局的策略 83 5.5 小結 89 第六章 台灣Unix伺服器廠商之間的競合策略分析 90 6.1 Solaris陣營與IBM及HP鼎足而立的三角賽局 90 6.2 小結 119 第七章 結論與建議 120 7.1 研究的結論 120 7.2 研究的建議 127 參考文獻 12

INFINITELY MANY EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF THE GRACEFUL TREE CONJECTURE

A graceful labeling of a graph with q edges is a labeling of its vertices using the integers in [0, q], such that no two vertices are assigned the same label and each edge is uniquely identified by the absolute difference between the labels of its endpoints. The well known Graceful Tree Conjecture (GTC) states that all trees are graceful, and it remains open. It was proved in 1999 by Broersma and Hoede that there is an equivalent conjecture for GTC stating that all trees containing a perfect matching are strongly graceful (graceful with an extra condition). In this paper we extend the above result by showing that there exist infinitely many equivalent versions of the GTC. Moreover we verify these infinitely many equivalent conjectures of GTC for trees of diameter at most 7. Among others we are also able to identify new graceful trees and in particular generalize the ∆-construction of StantonZarnke (and later Koh-Rogers-Tan) for building graceful trees through two smaller given graceful trees